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A kondenzátorok hangja – a kondenzátor linearitása

Egy régebbi írás a kondenzátorok nemlineáris viselkedéséről.

Háttér A kondenzátor egy energiatároló eszköz. A kapacitásérték függ az alkatrész elektródáinak méretétől, a köztük lévő távolságtól és a lemezek közötti anyag dielektromos állandójától. A legegyszerűbb közeg (levegő vagy vákuum) a dielektromos állandója egységnyi. A kapacitás értékét növelheti, ha valamilyen anyagot (például papírt, különféle műanyagokat, csillámot, oxidokat stb.) helyez a kondenzátor lemezei közé. A legtöbb anyag dielektromos állandója nagyobb, mint egy, így nő a kapacitás. Ennek azonban ára van: lehet, hogy ez az anyag nemlineáris.
A legtöbb ember ismeri a mágneses anyagok nemlinearitását. Az ismert BH-görbe ezt a nemlinearitást írja le. (A görbe meredeksége az induktivitástól függ ). Az elektrosztatikus anyagoknak hasonló tulajdonságuk van: a DE görbe. Ennek a görbének a meredeksége összefügg a kapacitás értékével. A DE görbe előállítása Ismét, az ismertebb "mágneses" analógiát használva, a BH-görbe előállítható (jó, valójában egy PSI vs I-görbét), fölhasználva az EM összefüggést: E = L dl/dt. Á vízszintes (x tengely) tengelyen az induktív áramkörben folyó áramot, az Y tengelyen az induktivitás feszültségének integrálját ábrázolva a BH görbével arányos görbét kapunk. Kondenzátor esetén a kiinduló összefüggés: I = C dV/dt az X tengelyen a feszültséget, az Y tengelyen az áram integráltját ábrázolva, egy olyan görbét kapunk, amely arányos az alkatrész DE görbéjével. Meglepő módon, az alkatrészek jelleggörbéje valóban görbe van és nem egyenes. Ezek a görbék hiszterézist is mutathatnak, akárcsak az induktivitások, vagy a transzformátorok. Ez a torzítás finom formáit és nemlinearitást okoznak, ami a zenei reprodukció pontosságának elvesztését okozhatja. Természetesen vannak más mechanizmusok is, amelyek megváltoztathatják a hangot, de ez a cikk csak a DE görbe által okozott nemlinearitásra koncentrál.

Eredmények

Több különböző típusú alkatrészt mértem, és rögzítettem az eredményeket (egyszerűen úgy, hogy egy fényképezőgépet szereltem az oszcilloszkópcső elé) . Mindegyik kondenzátor értéke állandó volt, 0,1 uF. A jelszintet körülbelül 70 V RMS-en, 600 Hz-en állandó értéken tartottuk a kondenzátorokon keresztül. (kb. 26mA jeláramhoz). Ez valószínűleg több, mint amit általában elvárna, és jobb eredményeket mutat. Ebben a kísérletben számos kondenzátortípust használtak. A görbe első sorozata papírt és olajat, polikarbonát fóliát, poliészter fóliát, polisztirol fóliát, polipropilént, 100 voltos és 1000 voltos kerámiát és ezüstcsillámot mutat. Íme az eredmények:


Kibővítettem és a saját részükbe helyeztem az elektrolitikus görbéket. Ez a rész most bemutatja az egyenáramú előfeszítés változásának hatásait az elektrolitok kondenzátorgörbéire is.

Elektrolit kondenzátorok

Az elektrolit kondenzátorok nem a linearitásukról ismertek. Ebben a cikkben korábban már bemutattam két görbét, egyik egy Tantál, a másik és egy alumínium elektrolit kondenzátoré. Ezeken az alkatrészeken üzem közben nem volt "polarizáló" feszültség, és a görbéken nagy hiszterézis látható.

Ezek nem igazán jó eredmények. Több emberrel folytatott megbeszélések során rámutattak a figyelmet arra, hogy ezeket az eszközöket egyenfeszültséggel polarizálni kell, ezért úgy gondoltam, fölveszek néhány görbét a polarizáló DC előfeszítő feszültség függvényében. A kiválasztott alkatrész(ek) tantál elektrolit kondenzátorok voltak, 5–0,47 uF 35 V-os alkatrészek sorba kapcsolva (175 V-os feszültségtűrés ) [Megjegyzés: Eredetileg ezeket 25 V-os alkatrészként jelentettem néhány embernek offline; ezek valóban 35 voltos alkatrészek.] Íme az eredmények: Néhány dolgot érdemes megjegyezni: Az úgynevezett bipoláris, előfeszítetlen kondenzátorok görbéi vészesen hasonlítanak, az előfeszítetlen polarizált elkók görbéire. Ez valószínűleg elárulja a nem polarizált részek "értékét". Ne hagyatkozzon erre a jellemzőre. Viszonylag egészséges előfeszítéssel (100 volt) a hiszterézis eltűnt. Alaposabban megnézve a mérési eredményeket, észrevehető, hogy a karakterisztika görbül, ami nemlineáris működésre utal. Nyilvánvalóan a hiszterézis "elrejtette" ezeknek az alkatrészeknek az egyébként nemlineáris jellegét. A jó minőségű hangzás érdekében ezeket az alkatrészeket valószínűleg jobb elkerülni.

A másik nagyon nem lineáris típus, a kerámia kondenzátor is "megérdemel" némi plusz információt. Hozzáadtam még egy típust, elterjedt "logikai bypass" monolit kondenzátor" , valamint néhány A különböző frekvenciákon történő működés hatásait mutató görbék.

A kondenzátorok hangja

- Kerámia Kétféle kerámia kondenzátort teszteltem, egy 100 V-os Z5U alkatrészt, egy 1000 V-os Z5U-t. Harmadik kondenzátor az általánosan használt monolit "digitális logikához készült" bypass kondenzátort. Íme az eredmények:

Figyeljük meg, hogy az utolsó képen a végeken lévő nemlinearitásokon kívül egy újabb "gyűrődés" látható a nullátmenet körül, ami egy újabb magával ragadó tulajdonságot ad a hangzásnak! Van egy még rosszabb tulajdonságuk az ilyen típusú kondenzátoroknak: a jellemzőik jelentősen változnak a frekvenciával. Íme az adatok 600 Hz-en és 100 Hz-en: Figyelje meg, hogy hiszterézis, "telítődés" és furcsa törések vannak jelen a görbében. Csak annak bizonyítására, hogy nincs rendszer beállítási probléma, íme a monolit karakterisztikája 100 Hz-en, és egy olajpapír is 100 volton: Nem: ezt a kerámia csinálja!

Vita

Figyeljük meg az elektrolit kondenzátorok nemlinearitását (leginkább hiszterézis formájában, és a tantál különösen rossz). Ezen alkatrészek megfelelő előfeszítése megszünteti a hiszterézist, de továbbra is "görbült" karakterisztikájuk. Figyelje meg a kerámia kondenzátorok nagyon nyilvánvaló nemlinearitásait is. Mindezek elég rosszak ahhoz, hogy akusztikailag kellemetlenek legyenek. A jellemzők a frekvencia függvényében meglehetősen radikálisan változnak. Felhívták a figyelmet arra, hogy néha ezek a tulajdonságok előnyt jelentenek a gitárerősítők hangolásakor. A feszültség hatása miatt lehetővé kell tenni a hang finomhangolását különböző névleges feszültségű alkatrészek használatával (feltételezve, hogy ezek elég magasra vannak méretezve az erősítőhöz). Az olaj-papír rendkívül tiszta, a csoport legjobbja. Ez lehet az egyik oka annak, hogy egyesek jobban szeretik a papírkondenzátorok hangját. Az olaj-papír kondenzátorok általában nagyon lineárisnak tűnnek. Úgy tűnik, hogy ezek a kondenzátorok viszonylag stabil jellemzőkkel rendelkeznek a frekvencia változásával. Itt van az eredeti olaj-papír görbe mellett a 100 HZ-en mért is.

Érdekes a polikarbonát. Ha figyelmesen megnézi, észrevesz egy enyhe görbületet, amely egy SE trióda erősítőre emlékeztet. Vannak, akik ezt a hangot részesítik előnyben. Ezenkívül a jellemzőket különböző típusú kondenzátorok soros vagy párhuzamos kapcsolásával -patkolással- módosíthatja. Íme a polikarbonát és a papírolaj párhuzamos kombinációja, összehasonlítva a csak polikarbonáttal:
Tudom, nehéz megmondani, de az enyhe görbületet csökkentette ez a kombináció. A csillám nagyon enyhe hiszterézis hatást mutat. A poliészter enyhe hiszterézist is mutat. A polisztirol köztesnek tűnik az olaj-papír, valamint a polikarbonát között. Majdnem olyan jó, mint az olaj-papír. Ha nagyon figyelmesen megnézi a polipropilén íveket, észre kell vennie egy nagyon enyhe görbületet. Ez a típus hasonlónak tűnik a polisztirol által mutatott linearitáshoz, de ennek is megvan a maga "aláírása". Mi hangzik a legjobban? Rajtad múlik. Felkértek, hogy értékeljek néhány új gyártású papírkondenzátort, és olyan jól szóltak, hogy csak rá kellett jönnöm, miért. Ez a cikk az eredmény. Műszaki megjegyzés Az összes méréshez használt "áramfigyelő" ellenállás 100 ohm volt. Az "integrátor" passzív volt, frekvenciától és szinttől függően 100k-os és 0,047, 0,1 vagy 0,47 uF-os kondenzátorokat használtam. A szkóp "X" bemenetére egy további soros kondenzátor csatlakozott, és pontosan "90 fokos" fázistolásra volt beállítva (általában 0,01u csatlakozott a 10 megás szonda ellenállásához), hogy csökkentsék a rendszerhibákat. A generátor teljesen el volt szigetelve, egy olyan transzformátorral amely képes 300 V-ot 1k-ra 15Hz-től 1kHz-ig átvinni. Az előfeszítő feszültséget ezzel "sorosan" adtam hozzá egy HP szabályozott és leválasztott tápról. Az áramfigyelő ellenállás és a vizsgált kondenzátor találkozási pontja a mérés és a rendszer "referencia" pontja. Steve

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