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Pentódák és sugár tetródák trióda módban

1. ábra

Egy kevéssé ismert megoldás pentódák és sugár tetródák triódakénti használatához.

  • 1. Öt 1N821 zener diódát sorba kötünk (ha az 1N821 nem elérhető, használjunk megfelelő helyettesítő zéner diódát 6.2V/500mW).
  • 2. Két 470uF/16V Sanyo OSCon kondenzátor mindegyikével párhuzamosan kötünk egy-egy 10k ellenállást, majd a két RC kombinációt sorba kapcsoljuk
  • 3. Ezt az RC tagot párhuzamosan kapcsoljuk a zener sorral, ügyelve a polaritásra.
  • 4. Egy 1N914 diódát anódját a cső anódjához csatlakoztatunk és egy a diódával soros 10R, 1/2 W ellenálláson át csatalkozunk a zener-RC hálózathoz, úgy hogy a zenerek katódja kapcsolódjon a 10 Ohmhoz.
  • 5. A hálózat másik vége a segédrácshoz csatlakoztatandó, a segédrács kivezetésre gerjedésgátló ferrit gyűrűt kell húzni.

Az 1N914 megakadályozza, hogy a segédrács "negatív impedanciájú" üzemmódba kerüljön, amikor az elektronokat inkább kibocsátja, semmint összegyűjti. A 10R ellenállás egyszerre gátolja a parazita rezgéseket és "olvadó biztosító". Ebben a szerepben MINDIG 1/2W-os fém film ellenállást célszerű használni, nem pedig valami nagyobb wattitású huzal ellenállást.

Alapvetően ez csak egy módszer a segédrács "szinteltolására" az anódnál alacsonyabb DC potenciálra, amit egy a hangfrekvenciákon nagyon alacsony Z-vel rendelkező hálózattal valósít meg. Miért jó ez?

  • 1. A pentóda/sugártetróda működésének anód jelleggörbéin látható, hogy az anód árama nagyjából a segéd rács feszültség függvénye. Ezért a legtöbb erősítőfokozat, amely ezeket az eszközöket használja, a segédrács feszültségét is szabályozza. Ellenkező esetben az anód áramot befolyásolhatják a segédrács feszültség változásai, amelyek elkerülhetetlenül bekövetkeznek a jelet kísérő segédrács áram változások miatt. A cél természetesen az alacsony Z-értékű vagy "merev" segédrács feszültség biztosítása.
  • 2. Az ideális eset az, hogy a segédrács változásai a vezérlőrács negatív töltése által létrehozott "elektronárnyékban" legyenek. Ez a gyakorlatban ritkán valósul meg. A fémkerámia adó tetródák figyelemre méltó és nagyon érdekes kivételt képeznek, azaz a 4CX-125, -250, -350 és társaik. Ha a segédrács nem tökéletesen árnyékolt, akkor drámaian megnő az a képessége, hogy vonzza a gyorsuló pozitív mezőn áthaladó elektronokat az anód felé vezető úton. Az áram és a feszültség szorzata egyenlő a teljesítménnyel, ebből következően a segédrácsnak képesnek kell lennie ezt a teljesítményt hatékonyan eldisszipálnia, különben előbb-utóbb megolvad.
  • 3. Minél közelebb van egymáshoz a segédrács és az anód feszültsége, annál nagyobb a segédrács árama, és annál jobban változik értéke a vezérlő jel hatására.
  • 4. A "trióda módba kapcsolt" pentódás/tetródás készülékekben ezt a problémát általában a segédráccsal sorba kapcsolt 100-1K ohmos ellenállás beiktatásával "kezelik". Bár ez csökkenti a segédrács feszültségét az anódhoz képest, és ezzel együtt a segédrács áramát és az ebből következő disszipációs igényt, ez messze nem ideális megoldás.
  • 5. Utalva az (1)-re, látható, hogy az anód áram a segédrács feszültségének függvénye. Ha a segédrács az anódra szánt elektronokat fogja be, és ha triódaszerűen az áramerőssége a feszültségével változik, akkor belátható, hogy a segédrács potenciálja az anódhoz csatlakozó ellenálláson mért feszültségeséssel változik.
  • 6. Ezzel az eljárással a teljes B+ ellátás effektív impedanciáját a beiktatott árnyékoló rács ellenállással megnöveljük. Ez az oka annak a "lágy," "puha" hangzásnak, amelyről általánosan beszámolnak, amikor a pentódás/tetródás/Ultra lineár erősítőket "triódába" kapcsolják.
  • 7. A megoldás erre az, hogy a segédrácsotalacsonyabb DC szintre "szinteltoljuk" - így korlátozva a disszipációját - és a szinteltoló áramkört nagyon alacsony impedanciájúvá tesszük, azzal, hogy nagyon jó minőségű, nagy értékű, alacsony feszültségű kondenzátorokat - BlackGate, Cerafine, OsCon - alkalmazunk.
  • 8. Az 1N821-esek jól megfelelnek erre a célra, mivel "hangjuk" meglehetősen jóindulatú és hangfrekvenciásan teljesen átblokkoltak.

A működés egy másik magyarázata

Azt szeretnénk elérni, hogy a segédrács DC-szintje 30V-tal alacsonyabb legyen az anód feszültségénél. Gondolkodjunk kicsit az elektronok áramlásában (és ne a tankönyvek sugallta "áram folyik" fogalomkörben). Átgondolva a zener sor polaritását, azaz a zenerek szakadásként viselkednek, amikor az elektronok a segédrácsról visszaáramlanának az anódhoz a kimenő transzformátoron keresztül. Ha ez megvan, akkor ne feledjük, hogy teljesen lehetséges, hogy a képernyő normál impedanciája "negatívvá" váljon. Ez alatt azt értjük, hogy ahelyett, hogy az anódhoz áramló elektronok egy bizonyos százalékát befogná, olyan üzemmódba kerül, ahol hozzájárul ehhez az áramláshoz. Erre mondjuk azt, hogy ekkor a segédrács impedanciája negatívvá vált. Mivel a B+ táp impedanciáját a lehető legalacsonyabban tartják, egy kicsit több gondolkodással eljuthatunk arra a felismerésre, hogy a negatív impedanciaként működő segédrács olyan üzemmódba került, hogy nincs gyakorlati korlátja az áramának. Bármely nem szupravezető vezetőn átfolyó áram felmelegíteni azt, és a nagy áram hatására a vezető nagyon felmelegszik. A forró vezetők nagyobb ellenállásúak, mint a hidegek, és minél jobban felforrósodnak, annál forróbbak lesznek ... egy öngerjesztő hurok, egy önpusztító hurok ... capiche ? ? Tehát, amit az értelmes emberek tesznek, az az, hogy egy kis jelű diódát tesznek sorba a segédráccsal azért, hogy az elektronok csak a segédrácsról az anódra tudjanak mozogni. Nos, nem akarjuk, hogy segédrács amperes nagyságú áramot szolgáltasson, mondjuk, a vezérlőrácsnak, ezért ésszerű dolog, hogy egy 1/2W 10R ** METAL FILM ** ellenállás sorba kapcsolása a segédráccsal közvetlenül azon a ponton, ahol a segédrács áramköre az anódhoz kapcsolódik. Alacsony teljesítményű, fém film alkatrészt célszerű használni, mert ezek szinte tökéletes olvadó biztosítékokként működnek. Egy nagyobb áramimpulzus, és szinte azonnal kiégnek... A dolgok nagyon nagy frekvencián el tudnak hmm romlani... ... ezt is meg kell oldani. Dick körülbelül egy csillió különböző típusú ferrit gyöngy hatását tesztelte (ez is fárasztó) ott, ahol a segédrács vezetéke kilép a cső foglalatából. Néhány ferrit gyöngy talán jobb hangú, mint mások, az "ellenállásos" gyöngyök tűnnek a legjobbnak. Végül, nem szeretnénk, hogy az összes alkatrész a váltakozó áramú jelútban legyen, ezért a 10R ellenállás segédrács oldaláról a zener sor másik végére kerül. Más szóval, átblokkoljuk a zener sort, de csak azt. És kész is! Forrás: itt

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